New electromagnetic (EM) observations (i.e. magnetic and/or electric) have recently been obtained over active 
volcanoes, hydrothermal and geothermal systems. EM signals have also been recorded prior to, and during, actual 
eruptions and hydrothermal activity. Analyses of these data have led to both improved understanding of unrest 
during volcanic, hydrothermal and geothermal activity, and identification of several of the physical processes 
involved. Furthermore, combining EM studies with other multi-parameter geophysical monitoring has allowed more 
unambiguous interpretation of these processes.

This session will focus on:

- The geophysical, and geochemical behaviour of volcanoes during eruptions and relationships to observed EM 
phenomena such as self-potential, magnetic fields, electric fields, lightning, conductivity structure, etc.

- The characteristics of EM signals recorded during different volcanic, hydrothermal and geothermal activity 
particularly recent EM studies in Iceland,

- The complete description of EM signals before eruptions including physical mechanisms that result in EM signal 
generation,

- Correspondence between EM signals and other geophysical observations (seismic, geodetic, geochemical, etc),

- Combined satellite and ground based EM observations,

- Modeling of EM tomography and EM processes,

- Review papers on EM using multi-parameters data to constrain source processes.

Commission: EMSEV